Human Physiology

1. Introduction and scope of Physiology. Cell and tissue – its structure, principal constituents, properties and function including cell division, Body fluids.
2. Blood: Introduction-composition and general function of plasma. Blood cells – structure and function – Red blood cell, white blood cell – including number and approximate length of life – position structure and function of cell of reticulo-endothelial system.

Blood clotting including bleeding time and clotting time, factors accelerating or slowing the process. Blood groups and their significance, Rh- factor, haemostasis, Hemoglobin and E.S.R.

Formation of blood, tissue fluid and lymph-composition, formation ,circulation & functions.

Cardiovascular System.

Structure and properties of Heart Muscles and nerve supply of Heat.

Structure and function of arteries, capillaries and veins.

Cardiac cycle and Heart sound.

Cardiac output measurements, factors affecting Heart Rate and its regulation,

Cardiac – vascular reflexes.

Bloods pressure, its regulation, physiological variation, peripheral resistance, Factors controlling blood pressure, Hemorrhage.

ECG study. Stress and stress test.

Respiratory System.

Mechanism of Respiration, change in diameters of thorax – intra-pleural and intra-pulmonary pressure.

Quantities of lung volume, tidal and residual volume, vital capacity.

Gaseous inter-changes in lung and tissues.

Control of respiration – Nervous and chemical significance of change in rate and depth, transportation of oxygen and carbon-dioxide.

Respiratory states – anoxia, asphyxia, cyanosis, acclimatization.

      Cell membrane – ionic and potential gradient and transport. Muscle – Types of muscular tissue – Gross and microscopic structure – function, Basis of Muscle contraction – change in muscle contraction, Electrical – Biphasic and monophasic action potentials, chemical, Thermal and physical change, Isometric and Isotonic contraction.

Motor units and its properties – clonus, tetanus, all or none law, Fatigue.

Nerve – Gross and microscopic structure of nervous tissue, one neuron – Generation of action potential – Nerve impulse – condition.

Neuromuscular junction, Degeneration – Regeneration of peripheral nerves Wallerian degeneration, electro tonus and pfluger’s law.

Types and properties, of receptions, types of sensation, synapse, reflex, are its properties occlusion, summation, sub minimal fatigue ext.

Tracts – Ascending and descending and extra pyramidal tracts.

Function of E.E.G. ,Function of Cerebral cortex, cerebrum, cerebellum, Basal ganglia, Thalamus – connection and functions.Reticular formation – tone, posture & equilibrium, autonomic nervous system,

Special Senses Eye – Error of refraction, lesions of visual path ways, Speech and its disorder, Ear and vestibular apparatus, test, olfactory, somatic sensations.

General arrangements of alimentary canal, stomach, gall bladder, spleen, liver pancreas small & large intestine and rectum  – position, structure and functions.

Nutrition and diet – carbohydrates, protein, fat, salt, water, vitamins and minerals digestion, Absorption and Metabolism.